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That gave him a reputation as a possible lender of last resort during times of stress. Among these, certainly, is the right to choose what we put on our plates and in our goblets. George W. This programme and similar efforts to embed social welfare in privatized networks of personal responsibility have changed the economic and political value of the makeover as a technology of citizenship. And the good news is this: when it comes to your health, even little steps can make a big difference.
The website also distinguishes between different lifestyles — kids, teens, adults and seniors — and assigns to each a different set of fitness resources and techniques. Hay education of lifestyle clusters is a process open to consumer customization through television and Web resources. In recent years, a number of high-profile programmes have challenged that association by enlisting television as a resource in helping people get healthy and lose weight.
In , NBC broadcast The Biggest Loser, providing the services of nutritionists and personal trainers to people who agreed to slim down on television, and offering a cash prize to the person who shed the most body fat. NBC constructed an interactive website complete with nutritional guides, dieting tips, sample recipes and menus, customizable exercise regimes and weight loss tools, including a body mass index calculator.
Tie-in merchandise — including workbooks and the Biggest Loser exercise DVD — was available for purchase, and participants were urged to join the Biggest Loser email club and sign up for informative podcasts. Finally, for people on the go there was also the much-promoted Biggest Loser wireless service.
In extending these body and health management resources and techniques to individuals, the network fused popular entertainment weight loss as competitive game and self-shaping activities with current dynamics of governing and the demand for citizens to make use of privatized networks of support and accept accountability for the consequences of their lifestyle choices. The programme follows the generic template of many television life interventions. The diagnostician arrives at the home, observes the family, diagnoses their nutritional problems and introduces a new lifestyle regimen.
Cameras capture some initial resistance as well as the eventual mastering of the healthy lifestyle that the subjects come to desire as their own. Reformers like Manson have no problem with television programmes adopting this role, because their authority to administer Downloaded By: [La Trobe University Library] At: 11 August new forms of welfare is sanctioned not by the state but by the commercial logic of supply and demand and its ability to capitalize on welfare as outreach and instruction.
Over the course of the first season, he emerges as a paragon of tough love who combines gentleness and discipline to help children whose futures appear bleak if they fail to learn how to take steps towards fitness and self-care.
Like other television diagnosticians Dr. In the first episode, Shaq discusses the problem of childhood obesity with Jeb Bush, the governor of Florida.
Conclusion Reality television, as we have shown, has instrumentalized the personal makeover as a technology of citizenship in new ways. No longer outside the logic of public service, these popular non-scripted entertainment formats have become the domains through which television contributes to the reinvention of government, the reconstitution of welfare and the production of a self-sufficient citizenry.
How do the generic conventions of makeover television intersect with new ways of delivering and administering social welfare? How might citizens hold television accountable as a form of social service? What does it mean when celebrities, television executives and casting agents take over the role of public officials or social workers? And, how might critical media and cultural studies intervene in this process? Is the application process reasonable and fair? What are the outcomes of the interventions?
This approach can only get us so far, however. We are still left with the contradictions and potentially devastating consequences of relegating public service, including social welfare, to private networks of support.
Moore chronicles the disparity between the US health care system whose emphasis on financial profit has left citizens without medical care and socialist democratic strategies of health care provision in Canada and Western Europe. One is that the countries valorized by Sicko have also increasingly reinvented television as public service around makeovers and interventions similar to those shown in the United States. Some of these formats originated in European countries with national health care systems, indicating an impetus to create healthy citizens in new ways across the different cultural economies of national broadcasting systems.
While the transnationalism of makeover television may indicate the global turn towards neoliberal strategies of governing at a distance, socialized medicine and public health care are, as Moore points out, still operational outside the United States — at least for now.
Public services and a governing rationality that values self- enterprise and personal responsibility co-exist outside the United States, complicating any causal understanding of market privatization as a causal factor in the transformation of welfare and demonstrating the geographic complexities of the dynamics charted here.
It comes as no surprise that the US Congress, while downscaling and outsourcing virtually every other welfare programme, has authorized the public subsidy of digital converters so that television remains technically available to all Labaton Hay which healthy citizenship — for better or worse — is accomplished.
By taking these ventures seriously, and attending to their nuances and specificities, we might better understand the remodelling of welfare and the remaking of citizens. Notes 1. For the history of social work in the United States see Ehrenreich ; for a study of professional expertise as a related technology of governing see Ehrenreich and English For the role of magazines in demonstrating self and lifestyle pedagogies within the cultural economy of consumerism see Ohmann and Lears Those of us who want to revitalize government.
This book gives us a blueprint. We elaborate in more detail how this term is useful for thinking about contemporary television in Better Living through Reality TV For a useful summary of the move to make social services as a dimension of the public sector accountable to an entrepreneurial ethic see Rom Rose , has traced the dispersion of technologies of governance in a number of important studies.
For an influential discussion of the role of culture in governing see also Bennett The racialization of the female welfare subject is charted in Gilens For more on interactivity as viewer labour see Andrejevic Reality TV: The work of being watched.
Bennett, Tony. London: Sage. Civic laboratories: Museums, culture objecthood, and the governance of the social. Cultural Studies 19, no. Brown, Wendy. Neoliberalism and the end of liberal democracy. Liberal government and techniques of the self.
In Foucault and political reason: Liberalism, neo-liberalism and rationalities of government, ed. Barry, T. Osborne, and N. Rose, 19 — Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bush, George W. Remarks by the President at Fitness Challenge. The White House. What women watched: Daytime television in the s. Austin: University of Texas Press. Clarke, John. Changing welfare, changing states: New directions in social policy. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.
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Nationalism, nation- building and identity construction has occupied a prominent place in, and produced some of the most seminal works of sport studies. More particularly, the works of Joseph Maguire and Alan Bairner inspired the application of nationalism, globalization and identity theories in diverse geographical contexts.
This special issue deploys the approaches above in a Hispanic context. This Hispanic dimension allows us to examine sport colonialism and post-colonialism, race-relations and indigenous politics, sport in authoritarian regimes, and the use of sport to break with European roots in quest of South American nationhood and identities. Sp o rtin g N atio n alis m s in Sp ain Sporting nationalisms in Spain will be organized around three main pillars for our purposes: the Franco regime, due to its authoritarian nation-building dynamics through sport; soccer, due to its import as the most popular sport that has aligned with regional nationalist move- ments; and the current Catalonian independence movement, which provides a case study to observe the way politics engage physical cul- ture for its nation-building purposes.
Sp o r t a n d Id e n t it y u n d e r t h e Fr a n co D ict a t o r s h ip Their ideological compass notwithstanding, dictatorships across the world have routinely espoused sports and physical culture for nation building purposes. Authoritarian regimes have equated physical superiority with national superiority, and the Greek ideal of the strong, healthy body soon assumed ethnic and racial characteristics in order to establish biologically rooted hierarchies among groups of people. While these and similar regimes fought major wars due to their ideological antagonisms, they all remained remarkably similar in their treatment of the sporting body as never an end in itself, for effort or for pleasure, but as a means to political agendas such as social control, conformist coercion, the establishment of the custodial role of the state, the inculcation of world views, division and rule, or placating social tensions.
The Franco regime was characterized by extensive control over all realms of life, sport included. The Falangist National Sports Federation oversaw three sporting areas: national federations, clubs and leagues; sports events and tournaments established in the model of Nazi and Italian ideological institutions; and the less relevant military sport Quiroga The regime used the sport to improve its image abroad, and to promote Fascist ideology through, for example, the adoption of Eastern European players as political refugees of communism.
The spread of physical education, however, had a dual effect for Francoist Spain: while it reinforced control over the female body, it also became an arena of resistance, liberation and progress.
In spite of itself, Francoist physical education became a site of transgression for women and female PE teachers. The very fact that all primary school children boys and girls should be entitled to weekly hours of physical education, the training of thousands of women as teachers with competitive salaries, and less restrictive sport wear including bathing suits inadvertently promoted progressive ideas of female agency.
His parents dared not protest in order to protect Arturito from burnout — another characteristic feature of regimes that silence people even when their most elemental human rights were violated. He put on such an impressive game in spite of sleep deprivation due to the lack of a team that he earned the admiration of the greatest chess grandmasters of his time.
His nonchalance reveals a particular feature of authoritarian regimes: their capacity to alienate individuals from their own talents, lives and careers. National team performance is often viewed as a barometer for regional, sub-national relationships: poor performance in the past was considered as a sign of antagonism, and more recent international feats have been celebrated as unity in diversity Delgado.
These teams have been major icons for Spanish, Catalonian and Basque identity construction, respectively, throughout the twentieth century. Llopis-Goig explores the larger questions of regional nationalism, identity, and left vs. According to this study based on representative sampling and a national survey, the fans of FC Barcelona are most left-leaning, and are most in favor of reforming the current state by increasing the autonomy of the region.
This resonates with the larger social impetus of the current Catalonian sovereignty process see Vaczi current issue. At the same time, they are not as discontent with their autonomous regional arrangements as Catalans, which coincides with the current Basque nationalist PNV agenda of not pursuing independence.
The Basque Athletic Club has been subject of sport studies research for a recruitment philosophy that is singular in the world of elite sport: the club only signs Basque born, or Basque trained players.
Several studies have addressed the assumptions this philosophy has of Basque identities and their impasses, and their relationships with the Basque nationalist movement. The impasses between keeping the localist Basque-only philosophy and winning more games and titles also resonate in fan communities Spain-wide, as Gutierrez shows. However, it also remains clear that without its unique roster, the club would lose much of its fan base outside of the Basque Country.
In July , a year old matador was gored to death in the bullring of Teruel. Banning the bull is widely considered as one of the most important symbolic cultural policies for the Catalonian sovereignty process. The article here was inspired by an episode I witnessed of sub-national solidarity in Basque and Catalonian desires to vote about independence.
The stake was a metaphor for the Franco dictatorship that tied its peoples, and did not allow them to walk freely — a logic Basque and Catalonian independentistas argue they continue to feel. Pulling the stake from several sides, however, wears it out and eventually causes it to collapse. After a historical overview, this chapter will focus on the diverse ways Basque and Catalonian sport and physical culture have challenged Spanish centralism throughout the current Catalonian sovereignty process Sporting nationalisms in these countries therefore often assume an anti-capitalist, anti-hegemony character, which also permeates political relations in the North and South Americas.
At the same time, South American countries used sports in order to distance themselves from their European roots, in quest of their own independent nationhood and identities. We will continue the theme of resistance to capitalist exploitation and US hegemony in Dominican baseball.
The author argues that these two eras were also a generation gap not only in terms of age, but the political culture jai alai players brought with them. Overwhelmingly from the Basque Country, sport migrants in the s responded very differently than previous generations to what the game had to offer in the United States. The emergent Basque political culture lent ethos and vocabulary to US based jai alai players: an ethos of resistance and struggle, the strategy of hordago or all or nothing, and deeply politicized resistance strategies like hunger strikes were borrowed from their original Basque context and deployed in the American one of maximum capitalism and zero unionism.
Alan Klein presents Dominican baseball as an example of relational nationalism in which the Global South is reacting to the exploitation experienced from the Global North. Dominican baseball nationalism is intimately embedded in a context of the neocolonial hegemony of Major League baseball, which used the DR as a resource for players.
The struggle for baseball is a struggle for political and economic sovereignty. But then, sport history thrives on similar ironies as colonialized subjects attempt to insert themselves, as agents, into history by beating the master in their own game, whose most poignant exponent was C. Baseball arrived on the island in the midth century, just when Cuba looked increasingly towards the United States, and away from Spain, in its quest of identity, autonomy, and relationships.
Among this quest of a Cuban nation was the deployment of de-territorialization strategies from Spain: among others, the endorsement of baseball by Cuban criollos and the Havana elite. While the Castro regime achieved its primary objectives of socialism and nation-building through a sport sector that was governed entirely by the state, and it opened to the south in a counter-hegemonic move Huish , baseball kept its dominance throughout the era. Ballet too became a hallmark of Cuban identity as another politicized instance of physical culture.
In this volume, Alan Bairner complements nineteen- century poetry and baseball by approaching twentieth-century Cuban national identity through the Havana Quartet novels of Leonardo Padura Fuentes.
How does a sport become national? In a novel that is not a sport book but a detective story, thinking baseball is a routine and unconscious process as sport similes abound.
The main character detective Conde uses baseball language to describe an admired woman; a school notebook; a murder weapon and homicide; streets, building and people, among other descriptions.
The Qom is an indigenous people whom the Argentinian authorities settled in a separate area called Lot The rivalry reveals the dilemma between integration vs. The pre-Peronist values of soccer, which celebrated individualism, the romantic escape and ascent of the poor boy to stardom, and a special Argentine play style cultivated in impoverished barrios, were fertile ground for Peronist mass populism and class identity to emerge.
W o rks Cite d Alabarces, Pablo. Prometeo Libros Editorial, Alberdania, Archetti, Eduardo P. Masculinities: football, polo and the tango in Argentina. Berg Publishers, Bairner, Alan. Sport, nationalism , and globalization: European and N orth Am erican perspectives. Suny Press, Billig, Michael. Banal nationalism. London: Sage, Brandes, Stanley. Brownell, Susan. University of Chicago Press, Butler, Judith. Gender trouble: Fem inism and the subversion of iden- tity.
Routledge, Carr, Gerald A. The quality of hom e runs: The passion, politics, and language of Cuban baseball. Duke University Press, Delgado, L. Douglass, Carrie B. Bulls, bullfi ghting, and Spanish identities. Univer- sity of Arizona Press, Erickson, Brad. Foster, William M. Geertz, Clifford. The interpretation of cultures. Basic Books, Giulianotti, Richard, ed. Sport and m odern social theorists. Springer, Giulianotti, Richard, and Roland Robertson, eds. Globalization and sport.
Wiley-Blackwell, Gleaves, John, and Matthew Llewellyn. Goffman, Erving. The presentation of self in every day life. London: Harmondsworth, Harris, John. Hart-Davis, Duff. Olympic Mar- keting Corp, Huish, Robert. James, Cyril Lionel Robert. Bey ond a boundary. Lever, Janet. MacClancy, Jeremy. N ationalism at play : the Basques of Vizcay a and Athletic Bilbao. Berg Publisher Ltd, , Maguire, Joseph, and Joseph A. Global sport: Identities, societies, civilizations.
Polity, Martin, Simon. Football and Fascism : The national gam e under Musso- lini. Oxford: Berg, Palgrave Macmillan US, Ofer, Inbal. Sussex Academic Press, Palmer, Catherine. Pink, Sarah. W om en and bullfi ghting: gender, sex and the consum ption of tradition. Berg Publisher Ltd, Quiroga, Alejandro. Redeker, Robert. Rein, Raanan. Riordan, James. CUP Archive, Sport, politics, and com m unism. Manchester University Press, Alianza Editorial, Shobe, Hunter. Smith, Anthony D. N ational identity.
University of Nevada Press, Smith, Bill L. Vaczi, Mariann. Soccer, culture and society in Spain: an ethnography of Basque fandom. Routledge, b. Yuval-Davis, Nira. Sage, The article focuses on the promotion of physical education as part of a wider effort to forge a new Fascist, and later on a National-Catholic, culture. It exists as a means of spreading our doctrine.
Hence our preoccupation: [ Forging an Organic N ation SIBA 4 37 of sport and highlight the tensions between the wish to generate a new physical culture for the masses, on the one hand, and the demand for elite training, on the other. Following the work of researchers such as Cathy van Ingen and Jennifer Hargreaves the current article views gender identities as deve- loping relationally within different cultural spaces of which the classroom, the sporting club and the youth movement are but a few.
As Alan Bairner rightly noted sport often constitutes a conservative set of institutional practices that reinforce existing power relations. The second section analyzes the promotion of physical education as part of a wider effort to forge a new Fascist, and later on a National-Catholic, culture. Hargreaves ; idem ; C.
Van Ingen Bairner In Spain women entered the world of sporting activities and of physical education through a manipulation of the massage that called for national regeneration and for a demographic revolution. For the purpose of the current article, however, it is important to distinguish between the two. According to Bailey: Sport is a collective noun and usually refers to a range of activities, processes, social relationships and presumed physical, psychological and sociological outcomes.
These activities include individual, partner and team sports; contact and non-contact sports; motor-driven or perceptually dominated sports; different emphases on strategy, chance and physical skills; and competitive, self-development and purely recreational acti- vities. Bailey Whilst the performance of physical skills forms a central and characteristic feature of the subject, like all other areas of the curriculum, it is fundamentally concerned with knowledge, skills and understanding.
This is perhaps not surprising given that the dictatorship came into life following a civil war that took the lives of over , soldiers and civilians and set the development of the Spanish economy back by nearly two decades. During the s little funds were available for the promotion of sporting activities and even less to the creation of adequate facilities. When it came to legislation and to the foundation of organizational structures, however, the dictatorship advanced in great leaps.
It was especially apparent in areas where the Falange was eager to assert it administrative power by promoting policies that contradicted the aims of other prominent forces within the nationalist coalition such as the Catholic Church or the military.
The Franco regime should therefore be viewed as a profoundly anti-liberal and nationalist regime of which a fascist movement, the Falange, was but one political force. The SF was founded in June At its height, in the early s, the organization attained a membership of over , During the initial years of the regime Pilar Primo de Rivera used her unique position in order to attain direct control over all spheres of life where women operated. As part of a general effort to legally codify the changes undergone by the nationalist education system it was decreed that all primary school children girls and boys would be entitled to six weekly hours of physical education, music and arts and crafts.
It now gained entry into the public school system when it was stated that all physical education classes would be administered by its instructors. Ofer Carrero Eras A document published in indicated that the SF did not favor the option of employing male ins- tructors.
According to its National Delegate the promotion of physical education amongst women necessitated an exclusively female staff. Candidates had to be unmarried and between years of age. Following the war the Falange founded two national schools for the training of youth and physical education instructors. Until the SF trained new female PE instructors. Between the years further PE teachers graduated from courses of between 3 to 4 years long and instructors from short, one- month long, courses.
However, the interviews I conducted with ex SF-members and PE instructors reveal the fact that such differences existed. Carrero Eras, The SF ordered physical education manuals for high school students. The manuals included tables and sketches of the exercises to be given by the priest.
But what could you do? You had to let them pass. Even if the exercises came out real bad we gave them a good grade. The SF gave out many scholarships, which enabled girls from the villages to receive a more comprehensive education. The regime was fast ap- proaching a phase where brute political repression was at an all-time low although this would reemerge in the late s and a growing emphasis was put on indirect supervision through cultural enterprises.
By the mids the situation started to reverse. Internal documents from that time describe the growing resistance of many to take part in activities imposed upon them within different institutions. This lack of interest was compoun- ded by newly found alternatives.
The general improvement in the eco- nomic situation and the new Law of Association widened the choice of cultural associations available to women. A large number of the women who made a name for themselves during that period were initially trained under the supervision of the SF, but the organization itself was losing its monopoly in this area. Over time, however, the organization proved unable both ideologically and structurally to meet the changing needs and aspirations of thousands of Spanish women.
While some had come to see the SF as too radical, for others it was not radical or innovative enough. During the late 18th and early 19th century three schools of physical activity emerged in Europe: the German, Swedish and the British School. It was less leisurely and was mostly practiced in gymnasiums. German gymnastics was closely associated with the formation of German nationalism. Muth and Jahn developed a system of drills turn , which emphasized the importance of physical strength and the use of different apparatus such as ropes, bars and so forth.
The Swedish school emphasized accuracy and style and called for a high level of discipline and attunement between the individual and the group. Hall p. Mosse ; R. Crego Melnick However, as each of these schools responded to somewhat different concerns in terms of morality and physical health they were soon adapted within different social and ideological contexts.
It was only natural, perhaps, that a stronger emphasis was put on the German school, which was highly dominant amongst instructors with prior military background.
In the case of women the Swedish school carried the day. Such rationality is achieved only when physical exercise is executed in order to comply 24 For more on the three schools and their implementation in Europe see: R.
Naul, in K. Hardman Agosti, in F. Abandoning such a gift, not taking care of it using the best measures offered to us by science, constitutes ingratitude. However, the greatest contradiction inherent in its policies surfaced when a woman athlete truly stood out. This process is too limited and centers on institutional and structural aspects.
We need to act further on the [ Following the Civil War the demographic perspective gained ground and the entire debate on the issue of physical education was conducted within the limiting boundaries of a deeply Catholic discourse. By presenting a more youthful and attractive facet of the regime and positioning its members as intermediaries between different female populations as well as public and private institutions, the organization proved its usefulness far beyond that of other organs within the Falange.
What little information can be 33 F. Forging an Organic N ation SIBA 4 49 found has to be gathered from local studies that focus mostly on the experiences of PE instructors and to a lesser degree on those of some practitioners who took part in sporting activities over time. A series of oral interviews that were conducted with 24 women who practiced sports overtime during the years of the dictatorship pointed to the importance of the SF in promoting physical education and in funding installations for the practice of sports.
And obviously physical education classes seemed to us a bit like a boring routine at the time. There were hardly any exercises. But I knew many [female] basketball players and none of them was a tomboy. They were beautiful girls, but people had this concept of women athletes, they did not look on us favorably. She must be clean and look clean. She must keep her hair short and if she does not she must arrange it in an appropriate manner when teaching. Gimeno Marco, R.
Llopis Goig, G. Text not highlighted originally. Following the completion of her training she was assigned to the same school from which she graduated ten years earlier. The headmistress was a young nun and a former classmate of hers. When at the end of the year she organized a display of her ten-year-old students.
One of the exercises included a series of handstands. According to M.
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